![]() ![]() Loaiza and McCabe ( 2012) further tested that the number of covert retrieval opportunities, one opportunity occurring after each processing episode, would predict recall performance in a delayed test. These covert retrievals provide retrieval cues for delayed recall that are not created in simple span tasks (McCabe, 2008). According to this model, participants maintain items in complex span tasks by covertly retrieving them between processing episodes. This advantage on a delayed test for items studied in complex span task was accounted for by the covert retrieval model. McCabe ( 2008) showed that recall performance in a delayed test is greater for items that have been memorized during complex rather than simple span tasks. A few studies have examined this issue (Loaiza & McCabe, 2012, 2013 McCabe, 2008). More specifically, we examined the long-term retention of information studied in a WM span task through a subsequent delayed test. These findings add further evidence of the dissociation between subvocal rehearsal and attentional refreshing. This study shows that both working and episodic memory traces depend on the cognitive load of the concurrent task, whereas the use of rehearsal affects only working memory performance. Conversely, the addition of concurrent articulation reduced immediate but not delayed recall. This increase also had a detrimental effect on delayed recall. ![]() Replicating previous results, increasing cognitive load reduced immediate recall. To verify that this effect was related to refreshing and not to any maintenance mechanism, we also manipulated the availability of subvocal rehearsal. In two experiments, while the amount of refreshing opportunities remained constant, we varied the cognitive load of the concurrent task by either introducing tasks differing in their attentional demands or varying the pace of the concurrent task. Thus, cognitive load should determine the long-term retention of items assessed in a delayed-recall test if such retention relies on refreshing. However, it was previously shown that refreshing depends on the cognitive load of the concurrent task introduced in the working memory span task. Recent studies have suggested that long-term retention of items studied in a working memory span task depends on the refreshing of memory items-more specifically, on the number of refreshing opportunities. ![]()
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